Toxocariasis: Una Enfermedad Tropical Desatendida y Descuidada en Latinoamérica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35434/rcmhnaaa.2025.181.2835Palabras clave:
Toxocariasis, Enfermedades Tropicales Desatendidas, Zoonosis, América Latina, Larva Migrans, Una Salud, Infecciones ParasitariasResumen
La toxocariasis es una infección parasitaria zoonótica causada principalmente por Toxocara canis y T. cati. Esta condición sigue siendo un problema de salud pública desatendido, pero ampliamente distribuido en América Latina. Esta revisión explora sus dimensiones biológicas, clínicas, epidemiológicas y socioeconómicas, haciendo énfasis en el escaso reconocimiento de la enfermedad, incluso en áreas endémicas. La transmisión ocurre mediante la ingestión accidental de huevos embrionados presentes en ambientes contaminados, afectando particularmente a niños en contextos de bajos ingresos. En los seres humanos, las larvas migran de manera aberrante, causando síndromes viscerales, oculares y neurológicos con una morbilidad significativa. La carga de la enfermedad se ve agravada por la infraestructura diagnóstica limitada, el acceso inconsistente a terapias antiparasitarias, los controles veterinarios y ambientales inadecuados. Se han reportado altas tasas de seroprevalencia y contaminación ambiental en toda América Latina. Sin embargo, la toxocariasis no figura actualmente en la lista de enfermedades tropicales desatendidas (ETD) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Las asociaciones con asma, epilepsia y otras condiciones crónicas refuerzan aún más su relevancia en salud pública. Los desafíos diagnósticos derivan de la ausencia de huevos en las heces humanas y de la necesidad de herramientas serológicas y de imágenes especializadas. Las innovaciones emergentes en diagnósticos rápidos y el desarrollo de vacunas, particularmente dentro del enfoque de Una Salud (One Health), ofrecen esperanzas para un mejor control. No obstante, las barreras sistémicas, incluidas las inequidades socioeconómicas, la falta de conciencia y la escasa priorización política, siguen obstaculizando el progreso hacia su control. Esta revisión aboga por el reconocimiento formal de la toxocariasis como una ETD, lo que catalizaría la financiación, la investigación y las medidas de control coordinadas. Abordar la toxocariasis en América Latina requiere estrategias integradas y multisectoriales que prioricen a las poblaciones más vulnerables, en consonancia con los objetivos más amplios de equidad en salud y prevención de enfermedades zoonóticas.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Alfonso J. Rodriguez-Morales, Ivan Camilo Jaramillo-Montoya, Jessica Marcela Hermosa-Sanchez, Juan Felipe López-Marín, Maria Camila Bernal-Chica, Nahun Alejandro Giraldo-Corrales, Omar Jair Mantilla-Moreno, Hector Andres Mosquera-Alba, Sergio Imbachi-Anacona, Luis Daniel Reyes-Espinosa, Juan Pablo Hernández-Ovalle, Olinda Delgado
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